iui

Intrauterine insemination (IUI) is a fertility treatment that places prepared sperm directly into the uterus around the time of ovulation, aiming to increase the number of sperm reaching the fallopian tubes and enhancing the chance of fertilization. It is typically pursued after basic infertility evaluation and may be used with either a partner’s sperm or donor sperm.

The procedure involves collecting a semen sample, analyzing and processing it to concentrate motile sperm (a semen wash). On the day of insemination, a clinician uses a speculum to access the cervix, then threads a thin catheter through the cervix into the uterus to place the sperm. The procedure is usually quick, performed on an outpatient basis, and may be timed with ovulation monitoring or a triggering method to optimize release of an egg. Some protocols use mild ovarian stimulation to improve the number of available oocytes, which can increase both success and the risk of multiple pregnancy.

Indications for IUI include mild male factor infertility, cervical mucus problems, mild endometriosis, unexplained infertility, and certain infertility scenarios where donor sperm is chosen. It is generally less effective than in vitro fertilization (IVF) for many conditions, particularly with severe tubal disease or diminished ovarian reserve.

Success rates depend on age, cause of infertility, and whether stimulation is used. Per-cycle live birth rates are commonly cited around 10-20% for women under 35 and decline with age; cumulative rates improve with consecutive cycles. Risks are low but include mild cramping, infection, and, when stimulation is used, an increased risk of multiple pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is a possible but uncommon risk.