isosyanaatti

Isosyanaatti is a family of chemical compounds characterized by the presence of a functional group with the general formula R−N=C=O. In this group, an alkyl or aryl group (R) is bonded to a nitrogen atom, which is then double-bonded to a carbon atom, which is in turn double-bonded to an oxygen atom. This unique arrangement of atoms gives isocyanates their distinctive chemical reactivity.

The most well-known and industrially significant isocyanate is methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), followed by toluene diisocyanate (TDI). These and other diisocyanates are crucial monomers in the production of polyurethanes, a versatile class of polymers used in a vast array of applications. Polyurethanes can be manufactured as flexible foams, rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, sealants, and elastomers, finding their way into furniture, automotive parts, insulation, and footwear.

Isocyanates are generally reactive compounds. They readily react with nucleophiles, particularly compounds containing active hydrogen atoms such as alcohols, amines, and water. The reaction with alcohols produces urethane linkages, forming the basis of polyurethane polymers. However, their reactivity also necessitates careful handling due to potential health hazards. Exposure to isocyanates can cause respiratory irritation, sensitization, and other adverse health effects, making industrial safety protocols paramount during their production and use.