irritanti

Irritanti are substances or physical factors that cause irritation when they come into contact with the skin, eyes, mucous membranes, or the respiratory tract. Irritation is a non-immunologic protective response that results from chemical or physical damage to tissues and often presents as burning, redness, itching, tearing, coughing, or a similar sensation. The severity depends on the substance, its concentration, duration of exposure, and the route of exposure.

Most irritants act by damaging cell membranes, denaturing proteins, or activating sensory nerve endings (nociceptors). The effect is typically immediate and reversible at low exposures, but higher doses can cause burns, dermatitis, or chemical pneumonitis. Irritants can be encountered in industrial settings, homes, or consumer products, and include a broad range of chemicals and materials.

Common types include chemical irritants (acids and alkalis, solvents such as alcohols or ketones, oxidizers) and physical irritants (dust, smoke, fibers). Examples span household cleaners, bleach, ammonia, chlorine gas, solvents, and certain cosmetic or personal care ingredients. Exposure routes include skin contact, eye exposure, inhalation, or ingestion, with symptoms varying accordingly.

Management focuses on exposure control and symptom relief. Preventive measures include minimizing contact, using protective equipment, adequate ventilation, and substituting less irritating substances when possible. In case of exposure, rinse skin with water, remove contaminated clothing, flush eyes with water for several minutes, and seek medical attention for severe or persistent symptoms.

Irritants differ from allergens: irritant reactions do not require prior sensitization and can occur in anyone at sufficient exposure, whereas allergic reactions depend on immune sensitization and typically develop after prior exposure. Chronic exposure to irritants can contribute to irritant contact dermatitis and, in some cases, occupational respiratory conditions.