interrogation

Interrogation is the formal process of questioning a person believed to have information relevant to an investigation, with the aim of obtaining information, leads, or a confession. It differs from casual interviewing in that it seeks to elicit information that is not readily volunteered and may involve strategic questioning.

Techniques range from direct questioning and presentation of evidence to rapport-based strategies that build trust. Cognitive interviewing emphasizes memory retrieval through context reinstatement and open-ended questions. Some jurisdictions employ structured models such as PEACE: Preparation, Engage, Account, Closure, Evaluation; the goal is to minimize coercion and maximize reliability.

Legal and ethical constraints prohibit coercive methods and torture. International law, including the UN Convention Against Torture, and regional systems limit interrogation practices; many countries grant suspects rights to silence and access to counsel, with advisories such as Miranda in the United States and similar safeguards elsewhere.

Effectiveness and risks: interrogations can yield reliable information but are susceptible to false confessions, especially under stress, deceit, or pressure. Reliability improves with voluntary cooperation, corroboration, and non-coercive methods.

Safeguards: independent oversight, recording of interrogations, third-party presence, clear policies, and trained professionals. Ethical interrogation emphasizes minimizing harm and avoiding coercive pressure.

History and scope: interrogation has ancient roots but modern protocols emerged in the 20th century, with the PEACE model in the UK playing a pivotal role in reducing coercive practices; used by police, military, and intelligence services.

See also: Interrogation intersects with confession, torture, police procedure, and cognitive interviewing.