ingratitude

Ingratitude is the lack or failure to acknowledge or repay kindness, help, or favors received. It is often discussed as a moral or social failing, though evaluations of ingratitude vary by culture and circumstance. It can refer to simple forgetfulness or a persistent disregard for others’ generosity.

Etymology: The term derives from Latin ingratus meaning not pleasing or ungrateful, from in- meaning not and gratus pleasing. The English noun ingratitude appears in the early medieval period, with usage expanding into modern language.

Causes and interpretation: Psychological explanations point to entitlement, memory bias, or perceived exploitation. Social norms of reciprocity and expectations of gratitude shape when behavior is deemed ingratious. Factors such as upbringing, religious or moral frameworks, and power dynamics influence judgments and responses to received favors.

Cultural and literary usage: In many traditions, ingratitude is treated as a vice or a warning against social chaos; in others, it can be discussed as a critique of hierarchical or transactional relations. Debates exist about whether gratitude should be unconditional or selective.

Consequences and nuance: Allegations of ingratitude can damage relationships, reduce trust, and reinforce social stigma. At the same time, critics argue that calling someone ungrateful can overlook unequal obligations or harm caused by exploitative arrangements; gratitude is not always freely offered.

See also: gratitude; reciprocity; obligation; moral emotions; debt.