informatieoperations

Informatieoperations (Dutch: informatieoperaties) refer to coordinated actions in the information environment designed to influence perceptions and decisions, disrupt or degrade an adversary, or protect one's own forces and interests. They can be employed in peacetime, during crises, or in armed conflict and may be undertaken by states, coalitions, or non-state actors.

Core components include strategic communications and public diplomacy to shape broad audiences; psychological operations or influence campaigns aimed at specific groups; deception to mislead opponents about capabilities or intentions; and operations security to safeguard sensitive information. Cyber operations and electronic warfare may be used to disrupt or protect information networks and communications as part of IO.

Objectives often include deterrence, degrading an adversary's decision-making, protecting friendly forces, and maintaining freedom of action in the information space. IO relies on timely messaging, control of information flows, and resilience against outside influence, while avoiding harmful manipulation of civilians to the extent possible under applicable law.

Governance and ethics: IO activities are governed by international law, humanitarian law, and national regulations. They raise questions about sovereignty, privacy, and the long-term reputational impact of campaigns. Oversight and transparency vary by actor and context, and debates continue about appropriate boundaries and accountability.

History and context: Information operations have roots in propaganda and strategic communications and have evolved with digital media, social networks, and cyber capabilities. In modern security environments, IO is viewed as a core element of hybrid warfare and strategic competition, spanning military, governmental, and civilian domains.