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Inflammation is a fundamental biological response of the body's immune system to harmful stimuli such as pathogens, damaged cells, or irritants. It is a protective mechanism intended to eliminate the initial cause of cell injury, clear out necrotic cells and tissues damaged as a result of the original insult and the acute response, and to initiate tissue repair. The process of inflammation involves a complex interplay of cells, blood vessels, and molecular mediators.

The cardinal signs of acute inflammation are redness (rubor), heat (calor), swelling (tumor), pain (dolor), and loss of function (functio laesa). Redness and heat are caused by increased blood flow to the inflamed area, a process known as vasodilation. Swelling results from the accumulation of fluid and immune cells in the interstitial space, a phenomenon called edema. Pain is often caused by the pressure of edema on nerve endings and by the release of certain chemical mediators. Loss of function can occur due to pain, swelling, or the direct damage to tissues.

Inflammation can be classified as acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is a rapid, short-term response that typically resolves within minutes to days. Chronic inflammation, on the other hand, is a prolonged process that can last for weeks, months, or even years. Chronic inflammation can arise from persistent infections, prolonged exposure to toxic agents, or autoimmune diseases, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body's own tissues. While inflammation is a vital defense mechanism, uncontrolled or prolonged inflammation can contribute to the development or exacerbation of various diseases, including arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.