incluindo

Incluindo is the gerund form of the Portuguese verb incluir, meaning to include. It is a non-finite form used in two main ways: to express an ongoing action and to introduce examples within a list or statement.

One primary use is to indicate an action in progress, often with a helping verb such as estar. For example: "Ele está incluindo novos itens no relatório." This conveys that the act of including items is taking place at the moment or around the present time. The gerund can also appear in longer sequences that describe developing processes or ongoing changes.

A second common use is to introduce or add items to a group, similar to the English word “including.” In this sense, including serves to point to some but not necessarily all members of a set. For example: "A lista reúne peças, incluindo os modelos mais recentes," or "Entre os participantes, incluindo o diretor, estavam presentes."

Usage notes: Gerunds in Portuguese can be frequent in everyday speech and writing, but some formal style guides favor alternatives to long constructions with gerunds. In both Brazilian and European Portuguese, including is a natural and widely understood way to add items or clarify scope.

Relation to synonyms and nuances: "inclusive" can also convey a sense of including or even, depending on context, but it functions differently (as an adverb, preposition, or adjective). Incluindo remains the verb form used to express the act or process of including, or to introduce examples in a sentence.

Etymology: Incluindo derives from incluir, which comes from Latin includere, via the evolution of Portuguese.