imunitas

Imunitas is a term derived from Latin immunitas, meaning exemption from burden or liability. In modern usage it often refers to a state of protection against disease-causing agents, but can also signify exemption from legal or political obligations in certain contexts.

Biological immunity describes the capability of an organism to resist infection. It relies on the immune system, which comprises innate and adaptive components. Innate immunity provides immediate, non-specific defense through physical barriers and immune cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Adaptive immunity develops specific responses mediated by lymphocytes, notably B cells and T cells, and produces antibodies. It also generates immunological memory, enabling faster and stronger responses upon re-exposure. Humoral immunity involves antibodies in body fluids; cellular immunity involves T cells targeting infected cells. Vaccination is a public-health tool that primes the adaptive system to recognize particular antigens. Disorders of immunity can include immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, and hypersensitivity, reflecting a balance between protection and tissue damage.

In legal and political contexts, immunity denotes exemption from certain obligations or penalties. Diplomatic immunity protects diplomats from prosecution under host-nation law, within limits set by international agreements. Sovereign or state immunity restricts legal action against states in foreign courts, with recognized exceptions. Functional immunity may apply to certain officials for acts performed in official capacity. The concept raises questions about accountability, fairness, and the relationship between individual rights and collective security.