idiomy

Idiomy is the plural form of the term idiom used in some languages, notably Polish, to refer to fixed expressions whose meaning cannot be deduced from the individual words. In English, the standard term is idioms; idiomy corresponds to the same concept in those languages, and it is used in linguistic discussions of phraseology.

An idiom expresses a figurative or conventional meaning that is not directly derived from its literal components. Idioms are typically fixed in form and often resist word-for-word translation. They can be semi-fixed or highly conventionalized phrases that belong to a language’s common idiomatic repertoire. Some idioms are transparent to speakers within a culture, but many require cultural or contextual knowledge to interpret correctly.

Common examples include phrases like “kick the bucket” (to die), “spill the beans” (to reveal a secret), and “break the ice” (to start a conversation). These expressions convey meanings beyond the literal meanings of the individual words. Because idioms are culturally grounded, their equivalents differ across languages, and direct translations can mislead or confuse non-native speakers.

Classification and study of idioms fall under the broader field of phraseology, which examines fixed expressions, set phrases, collocations, and other non-literal forms of language. Researchers investigate properties such as semantic transparency, frequency, historical change, and processing in the mind. Dictionaries of idioms and corpora play a key role in documenting idioms for learners and translators, highlighting how idiomy and idioms shape everyday communication. Etiology traces the term idiom to Latin and Greek roots meaning a characteristic speech form, underscoring the long-standing interest in how languages encode non-literal meaning.