ideálizmus

Idealizmus is a philosophical concept that asserts reality, or reality as we know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. It suggests that the world is dependent upon consciousness, perception, or ideas. There are many forms of idealism, but they generally stand in contrast to materialism, which posits that only matter is real.

One prominent form is subjective idealism, which argues that reality consists solely of our own minds and our perceptions. Another is objective idealism, which proposes that reality is composed of an objective mind or spirit, independent of individual consciousness. Plato's theory of Forms is often cited as an early example of objective idealism, suggesting that the physical world is a mere shadow of a perfect, eternal realm of Forms or Ideas.

Immanuel Kant's transcendental idealism is a complex synthesis, positing that while we can only know the world as it appears to us (phenomena), this experience is shaped by innate structures of the mind. He argued that things in themselves (noumena) exist but are unknowable. Later idealists, such as Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, developed more elaborate systems of absolute idealism, where reality is seen as a unified, unfolding spiritual or rational process. Idealism has influenced various fields, including epistemology, metaphysics, and aesthetics, and continues to be a significant perspective in philosophical discourse.