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Vaginal dryness, known medically as atrophic vaginitis or genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM), is a condition characterized by a lack of lubrication in the vagina. This can lead to discomfort, pain during sexual intercourse, and other urinary symptoms. It is a common condition, particularly affecting women after menopause due to declining estrogen levels. However, it can also occur at other times in a woman's life due to factors such as breastfeeding, certain medications, medical treatments like chemotherapy, or psychological stress.

The primary symptom of vaginal dryness is a feeling of dryness, burning, or itching in the vaginal area. Pain or discomfort during sexual activity is also a significant complaint. Some women may also experience increased frequency of urination, a burning sensation during urination, or recurrent urinary tract infections. These symptoms can impact a woman's quality of life, affecting her sexual health and emotional well-being.

Diagnosis typically involves a medical history and a physical examination. A healthcare provider may also perform a pelvic exam and, in some cases, recommend tests such as vaginal pH testing or a vaginal swab to rule out other conditions. Treatment options vary depending on the severity of symptoms and the underlying cause. For many women, the most effective treatment involves estrogen replacement therapy, which can be administered in various forms, including vaginal creams, tablets, or rings. Lubricants and moisturizers can provide temporary relief. Lifestyle modifications and addressing underlying psychological factors may also be beneficial.