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Hyponatremia is a medical condition characterized by a lower-than-normal concentration of sodium in the blood. Sodium is an electrolyte that plays a crucial role in maintaining fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contraction. When sodium levels drop too low, water moves into the body's cells, causing them to swell. This swelling can lead to a variety of symptoms, depending on the severity and rapidity of the sodium decrease.

Mild to moderate hyponatremia may present with symptoms such as nausea, headache, confusion, and fatigue. As the condition worsens, more severe neurological symptoms can arise, including seizures, coma, and even death. Hyponatremia can be caused by a number of factors, including excessive fluid intake, certain medical conditions like heart failure or kidney disease, hormonal imbalances, and the use of some medications, particularly diuretics.

Diagnosis of hyponatremia is made through blood tests that measure sodium levels. Treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the underlying cause. In cases of mild hyponatremia, this might involve fluid restriction or adjusting medications. For more severe cases, medical intervention may be necessary to carefully and gradually raise sodium levels, often through intravenous administration of sodium solutions. Rapid correction can be dangerous and lead to serious neurological complications.