hépatocyte

An hepatocyte is the primary functional cell type found in the liver, responsible for performing most of its vital metabolic, detoxification, and synthetic functions. These polygonal-shaped cells make up the majority of the liver's mass and are organized into functional units called hepatic lobules. Hepatocytes are tightly connected to one another through gap junctions, allowing for efficient communication and coordination of liver function.

One of the key roles of hepatocytes is metabolism. They regulate glucose homeostasis by storing glycogen and releasing glucose into the bloodstream when needed, a process known as gluconeogenesis. Additionally, hepatocytes process lipids, synthesizing cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoproteins, while also breaking down fatty acids for energy. They also play a critical role in protein metabolism, producing essential plasma proteins such as albumin, clotting factors, and transport proteins.

Hepatocytes are also central to detoxification, filtering and processing toxins, drugs, and waste products from the blood. They convert harmful substances into less toxic compounds through enzymatic reactions, often involving the cytochrome P450 system. Furthermore, they synthesize bile acids, which aid in the digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine.

In addition to these metabolic functions, hepatocytes contribute to the immune response within the liver by phagocytosing pathogens and damaged cells. They also participate in the storage of vitamins (such as A, D, E, K, and B12) and minerals (such as iron and copper).

Damage to hepatocytes, whether from viral infections (such as hepatitis), alcohol abuse, toxins, or genetic disorders, can impair liver function and lead to conditions such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver failure. Regenerative capacity is a notable feature of hepatocytes, allowing the liver to partially recover from injury through cell division and proliferation. However, extensive or chronic damage may exceed the liver’s regenerative limits, necessitating medical intervention.