hypokalemiaksi

Hypokalemia is a condition characterized by lower-than-normal potassium levels in the blood, typically defined as a serum potassium concentration below 3.5 mmol/L. Potassium is essential for the electrical activity of nerves and muscles, including the heart, as well as for fluid balance and acid-base regulation. Clinically, many cases are mild or asymptomatic, but more pronounced decreases can cause muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, constipation, and palpitations. In severe cases, hypokalemia may lead to paralysis or life-threatening cardiac rhythm disturbances. Electrocardiographic changes often include flattened T waves, the appearance of U waves, ST depression, and, in some cases, prolonged QT interval.

Common causes include increased renal potassium loss (for example from diuretic use, primary hyperaldosteronism, certain kidney diseases), gastrointestinal losses (vomiting, diarrhea, laxative misuse), and shifts of potassium into cells (such as during insulin therapy, alkalosis, or after rapid correction of hyperglycemia). Inadequate dietary intake or chronic concomitant illnesses can contribute, and there are inherited kidney disorders like Bartter and Gitelman syndromes that cause chronic hypokalemia. Medications other than diuretics, such as certain antibiotics or amphotericin B, can also play a role.

Diagnosis relies on a blood test to measure potassium, usually alongside assessments of kidney function, acid-base status, and magnesium level, since magnesium deficiency can worsen hypokalemia. Evaluation also involves identifying underlying causes and risk factors.

Treatment depends on severity and symptoms. Mild cases are often managed with oral potassium supplementation and dietary changes, while moderate to severe cases or symptomatic patients require monitored potassium replacement, typically with intravenous therapy when necessary. Addressing magnesium deficiency and treating the underlying cause are important components of therapy. Prevention focuses on monitoring at-risk individuals, such as those on diuretics, and adjusting treatment to maintain normal potassium levels.