hypokalciemi
Hypokalciemi, also known as hypocalcemia, is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood. Calcium is essential for bone formation, muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. Normal regulation involves the parathyroid hormone, vitamin D, calcitonin, the kidneys, and bone turnover. Total serum calcium can be influenced by albumin levels; ionized calcium is the physiologically active fraction.
Clinical presentation ranges from none to severe. Mild cases may cause numbness, tingling in lips and fingers,
Causes are diverse. Hypoparathyroidism (including after neck surgery) is a common cause, as are vitamin D deficiency
Diagnosis involves measuring total and/or ionized calcium, often with albumin adjustment. Evaluation usually includes parathyroid hormone,
Treatment depends on severity and cause. Mild cases may require dietary calcium and vitamin D supplementation,