hypocrisy

Hypocrisy refers to the practice of professing moral beliefs, standards, or virtues that one does not actually adhere to in one's behavior. It can also describe a discrepancy between what a person publicly claims and how they act privately. The term comes from the Greek hypokrisis, meaning acting on stage, and entered English in the early modern period to denote insincere or virtue-signaling behavior.

Causes and mechanisms include cognitive dissonance reduction, self-serving bias, and reputational concerns. People may rationalize incongruence between beliefs and actions, or shift standards to excuse inconsistent conduct. Hypocrisy can arise from social signaling, where displaying virtue serves to gain trust, status, or influence, sometimes without genuine commitment to those virtues.

In social discourse, accusations of hypocrisy often function to delegitimate opponents or undermine moral claims. Hypocrisy is not always intentional or malicious; it can reflect genuine inconsistency, poor habit formation, or conflicting incentives. Some scholars argue that hypocrisy is a near-inevitable feature of complex societies, where individuals juggle competing roles.

Common types include personal hypocrisy (private life contradicts public virtue), political hypocrisy (leaders or movements preaching norms that they do not follow), and institutional or organizational hypocrisy (policies contradicting stated values). Contexts such as religion, politics, business, and media frequently invoke the charge.

Critics note that the label can be used as a rhetorical weapon and that contrasts between beliefs and actions are common rather than pathological. Some scholars emphasize humility and accountability rather than punitive judgments, recognizing imperfect adherence to ideals as part of human complexity.

See also: double standards, cognitive dissonance, moral licensing, virtue signaling, self-deception.