hypermagnesemiaa

Hypermagnesemiaa is a medical condition defined by an abnormally high concentration of magnesium in the blood. Magnesium is an essential electrolyte that supports neuromuscular function, cardiovascular stability, and enzyme activity. Normal serum magnesium typically ranges around 1.7–2.2 mg/dL (0.7–0.9 mmol/L).

Most cases occur when renal excretion is impaired or when magnesium is administered inappropriately. Common risk factors include severe kidney disease or dehydration, advanced age, and the use of magnesium-containing medications such as laxatives or antacids. Iatrogenic causes include intravenous magnesium sulfate given for preeclampsia, eclampsia, or certain obstetric and cardiac indications.

Clinical features progress with rising levels. Mild hypermagnesemia may cause nausea and flushing; moderate elevation can lead to diminished deep tendon reflexes, drowsiness, and hypotension; severe elevations can result in bradycardia, prolonged conduction times, respiratory depression, and coma. ECG changes may include prolonged PR interval, QRS widening, and, in very high levels, a sine-wave pattern.

Diagnosis is based on serum magnesium measurement, with clinical correlation to symptoms and renal function. Management aims to remove the source of excess magnesium and protect the patient’s airway and hemodynamics. In symptomatic or high-level cases, treatment includes calcium gluconate as an antidote, intravenous fluids, and diuretics to enhance magnesium excretion. In patients with renal failure or refractory hypermagnesemia, dialysis may be required. Prevention focuses on careful dosing of magnesium-containing products and monitoring in at-risk individuals.