hyperhydrering

Hyperhydrering (overhydration) is a medical condition in which total body water exceeds normal levels, leading to expanded extracellular fluid volume and dilution of serum solutes. It contrasts with dehydration, where water deficit exists. Hyperhydrering can manifest as hyponatremia when sodium becomes diluted, and may progress to cerebral edema or pulmonary edema if fluid shifts occur rapidly.

Causes include excessive intake of hypotonic fluids (water intoxication), impaired water excretion such as kidney failure or syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH), certain medications, adrenal or thyroid disorders, heart or liver failure, and large-volume intravenous fluid administration. In athletes, deliberate hyperhydration with electrolytes or glycerol has been used to increase fluid stores, but raises risk of hyponatremia.

Symptoms include nausea, headache, confusion, lethargy, and seizures; severe hyponatremia can cause coma and death. Physical signs may include low serum sodium, reduced serum osmolality, and, in some cases, edema.

Diagnosis and treatment: management depends on severity and cause. Mild cases may require fluid restriction; symptomatic or severe hyponatremia may need careful administration of hypertonic saline under medical supervision. Treat underlying illness and monitor electrolytes. In sports settings, prevention focuses on appropriate hydration strategies to avoid hyponatremia.