hydromorfon

Hydromorphone is a potent semi-synthetic opioid analgesic used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is a full agonist at the mu-opioid receptor, producing analgesia, sedation, and euphoria. Hydromorfon is a nonstandard spelling; the widely accepted name is hydromorphone.

Medical uses and formulations: Hydromorphone is employed for acute postoperative pain, severe cancer-related pain, and other contexts where strong analgesia is needed. It is available in multiple formulations, including oral tablets and solutions, immediate-release and extended-release preparations, and parenteral forms (intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous) for hospital or palliative care.

Pharmacology: Hydromorphone is about several times more potent than morphine on a per-milligram basis. The onset of action is rapid when given parenterally and slower with oral administration; duration varies by formulation but is generally a few hours for short-acting forms and longer for extended-release products. It is primarily metabolized in the liver by glucuronidation to hydromorphone-3-glucuronide and is eliminated mainly via the kidneys. Impaired renal or hepatic function can affect clearance and increase the risk of adverse effects.

Safety and regulation: Hydromorphone carries risks common to opioids, including constipation, nausea, dizziness, respiratory depression, dependence, and withdrawal with long-term use. It can interact with other central nervous system depressants and alcohol. It is a controlled substance in many countries (for example, a Schedule II drug in the United States) and is prescribed only under medical supervision to minimize risks of misuse, overdose, and serious harm.