hydroksiionit

Hydroksiionit, also known as hydroxide ions, are chemical species with the formula OH-. They consist of one oxygen atom and one hydrogen atom covalently bonded, with an overall negative charge. This charge arises from an excess electron. Hydroxide ions are fundamental to many chemical processes and are found in various contexts.

In aqueous solutions, hydroxide ions are crucial to the concept of pH. A high concentration of hydroxide ions relative to hydrogen ions (H+) indicates a basic or alkaline solution. Conversely, a low concentration of hydroxide ions, with a high concentration of hydrogen ions, signifies an acidic solution. The autoionization of water produces both hydrogen and hydroxide ions in equal amounts in pure water, establishing a neutral pH of 7 at standard temperature and pressure.

Hydroxide ions are also common components of ionic compounds, forming bases. Examples include sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and potassium hydroxide (KOH). These strong bases readily dissociate in water to release hydroxide ions. Hydroxide ions play a significant role in various industrial applications, such as in soap manufacturing, paper production, and water treatment. They are also involved in biological processes, contributing to enzyme activity and cellular functions.