hydrazine

Hydrazine, chemical formula N2H4, is a simple inorganic compound that exists as a colorless, polar liquid at room temperature. It is highly reactive and a strong reducing agent, readily undergoing oxidation and decomposition. It is miscible with water and has a pungent, ammonia-like odor. Hydrazine and many of its derivatives are toxic, with exposure posing serious health risks; it can form explosive mixtures with air and is sensitive to heat and shock.

Industrial production employs several processes based on chlorination or oxidation of ammonia, including the Raschig process and related routes (Olin, Bayer). These methods typically involve chloramine formation followed by disproportionation or catalytic steps to yield hydrazine and ammonium salts. Commercial hydrazine is supplied as an anhydrous liquid or as aqueous solutions, commonly stabilized to suppress polymerization and oxidation. It is stored in compatible, vented containers away from oxidizers.

Uses: Hydrazine is a key precursor and reducing agent in chemical synthesis. It serves as a monopropellant and as a component of bipropellant rocket fuels, notably in combinations with oxidizers such as nitrogen tetroxide. It is also used in the production of pharmaceutical intermediates, agrochemicals, surfactants, polymerization initiators, and various fuels additives.

Safety and regulation: Hydrazine is highly toxic and suspected to be carcinogenic. Acute exposure can damage the liver, kidneys, and airways. It is strictly regulated in many countries, with requirements for handling, storage, ventilation, spill response, and disposal. In the environment, hydrazine can be toxic to aquatic life and should not be released unchecked.