horsehooves

The horse hoof is the keratinized covering of the distal portion of the leg, designed to bear weight, absorb shock, and provide traction on varied terrain. It consists of external structures—the hoof wall, sole, frog, and bars—and internal supportive elements such as the coffin bone (distal phalanx), laminae that attach the bone to the hoof wall, and the digital cushion that helps absorb impact. The coronary band at the top of the hoof is the growth zone that continually creates new hoof tissue, while the white line marks the junction between the hoof wall and the sole.

Anatomically, the hoof wall forms the visible capsule around the foot, with the sole providing a lightweight load-bearing surface. The frog is a V-shaped structure on the underside that helps with traction and elasticity. The bars are extensions along the sides that add strength to the wall. Within the hoof capsule, sensitive laminae interlock with insensitive laminae to secure the coffin bone to the wall, while the digital cushion and surrounding soft tissues dissipate forces and aid circulation during movement.

Hoof growth occurs throughout life and is influenced by age, nutrition, season, and activity. Regular trimming and maintenance are essential to maintain balance and prevent overgrowth. This is typically carried out by a farrier on a schedule that may range from every four to eight weeks, depending on the horse and its workload. Shoeing is used to alter gait mechanics, protect the hoof, or treat specific conditions; barefoot management is also practiced in many disciplines.

Common hoof problems include laminitis, which inflames the laminae and can injure the coffin bone; navicular syndrome; cracks; thrush in the frog; and hoof abscesses. Proper hoof care, nutrition, and environment are important for overall limb health and performance.