holometabolikta

Holometabolikta, or holometabolous insects, undergo complete metamorphosis. Their life cycle has four distinct stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The larva and adult typically differ greatly in form, ecology, and behavior, and occupy different habitats and food sources. The transition to the adult occurs during a protective pupal stage in which tissues and organs are rebuilt. This metamorphosis contrasts with hemimetabolous metamorphosis, in which nymphs resemble adults and change gradually through molts.

Holometabolous development characterizes major insect groups, including beetles (Coleoptera), butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), bees, wasps, and ants (Hymenoptera), and flies (Diptera). Eggs are laid in places suitable for the larval stage. Larvae are typically specialized for feeding and growth; then they become pupae, during which the reproductive and other adult systems develop. Upon emergence, adults reproduce and disperse, while larvae often exploit different resources, reducing direct competition.

Estimates place holometabolous insects at roughly 80% of described species, a pattern linked to ecological diversification and niche partitioning. The complete metamorphosis strategy offers advantages in resource use and life history, but the pupal stage can be a period of vulnerability.