hipokalsemi
Hypocalcemia, or hipocalcemia in some languages, is a condition characterized by low levels of calcium in the blood. In adults, total serum calcium is typically considered low below about 8.5 mg/dL (2.12 mmol/L), with ionized calcium below roughly 1.12 mmol/L also regarded as deficient. Because total calcium depends on albumin, a corrected calcium calculation is often used when albumin is abnormal.
Causes and pathophysiology vary and include hypoparathyroidism, vitamin D deficiency or resistance, chronic kidney disease with
Clinical features range from none to life-threatening. Mild cases may be asymptomatic or present with numbness
Diagnosis involves measuring serum calcium, adjusting for albumin when needed, and preferably assessing ionized calcium. Additional
Treatment depends on severity. Acute, symptomatic hypocalcemia is treated with intravenous calcium, typically calcium gluconate, with
Prognosis varies with etiology and response to therapy. With appropriate treatment, most patients stabilize, but recurrence