hiilivuoto

Hiilivuoto, or carbon leakage, is a term used in climate policy to describe a situation in which policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions in one region lead to higher emissions elsewhere. It occurs when production shifts to regions with less stringent regulations, lower carbon prices, or cheaper energy, potentially undermining the intended environmental benefits of domestic actions.

Causes and mechanisms include differences in carbon pricing, regulatory stringency, and energy costs, which can make emissions-intensive production more economical abroad. Sectors most often cited as vulnerable include steel, cement, chemicals, aluminum, and pulp and paper, though the phenomenon can affect a broad range of goods. Leakage can also arise when imports rise as domestic production falls, resulting in a net shift of emissions rather than an overall reduction.

Measuring hiilivuoto is challenging; estimates vary by sector, policy design, and time horizon. Some studies find little to no leakage under certain policies, while others identify significant potential in specific industries. The true extent often depends on broader international action and the availability of low-emission technologies.

Policy responses aim to reduce leakage while maintaining incentives to cut domestic emissions. Tools include targeting support to vulnerable industries, designing emissions trading systems to minimize distortions, and implementing internationally coordinated measures such as border carbon adjustments or other trade-related instruments. Strengthening global climate action reduces the risk of leakage.

In practice, hiilivuoto remains a key consideration in the design of regional and international climate policy, influencing debates on trade and the effectiveness of unilateral emission reductions. The concept underscores the importance of alignment and cooperation across borders to achieve real and lasting emission reductions.