heterodoxe

Heterodoxe is a Dutch adjective meaning not conforming to established or orthodox doctrines. The term derives from Greek heterodoxos, from hetero- “other” and doxa “opinion, belief.” In general use it labels ideas, movements, or individuals that deviate from mainstream or official doctrine.

In theology and religious history, heterodoxe opvattingen refer to beliefs considered outside the recognized orthodoxy by a church or tradition. Historically such positions may be labeled heretical by authorities, but the term can also be used descriptively without moral judgment to indicate deviation from established doctrine.

In the social sciences and economics, heterodox refers to schools of thought that challenge mainstream theories. Heterodox economics, for example, encompasses Post-Keynesian, Marxian, institutional, and feminist approaches, contrasted with neoclassical economics. In political theory and other fields, heterodox ideas question dominant frameworks of society, economy, or policy.

The label is context-dependent and can carry a neutral, descriptive, or pejorative nuance depending on who uses it and in which institutional context. It often signals a stance that invites debate and suggests that prevailing theories may be revised or replaced in light of new arguments or evidence.

Related terms include orthodoxy, the quality or doctrine of being orthodox, and heterodoxy, the noun form referring to heterodox beliefs or practices.