harmonikusok

Harmonikusok are the components of a periodic sound that form the harmonic series. Each harmonic is an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency f1, so the n-th harmonic has frequency fn = n · f1 for n = 1, 2, 3, and so on. They arise in vibrating strings, air columns, membranes and other physical systems, and their presence and relative amplitudes shape the timbre of a sound.

The distribution of harmonic amplitudes depends on the mode shapes, boundary conditions, material properties and damping. In an idealized string, the harmonic series extends indefinitely with amplitudes that typically decrease with n, though real instruments exhibit inharmonicity due to stiffness and structural factors, which can slightly alter the exact frequencies of higher partials.

Musically, harmonics determine tone colour (timbre). The overtone series provides a foundation for pitch perception, harmony and tuning systems. The lowest harmonics have specific practical relationships: the second harmonic is an octave above the fundamental (2:1), the third is an octave and a fifth above (3:1), the fourth is two octaves above (4:1), etc. Instrumental techniques often exploit harmonics, such as natural or artificial harmonics on strings and overtone singing, where higher partials are emphasized to produce characteristic sounds.

In analysis and synthesis, harmonic analysis decomposes complex signals into their harmonic components, aiding pitch estimation and sound synthesis. Instrument design and audio processing use harmonic content to shape tone, balance, and intelligibility. See also harmonic series, partial (music), overtone, timbre.