halogenowodory

Halogenowodory, also known as hydrogen halides, are binary inorganic compounds with the formula HX, where X is a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, or astatine). In the gas phase they exist as diatomic molecules. When dissolved in water they form hydrohalic acids: HF, HCl, HBr, and HI. Among these, HF is notably different in acidity, being a weak acid compared with the others, which are strong acids in aqueous solution.

Physical and chemical properties are influenced by the halogen. The H–X bond strength generally decreases down the group, so halogens heavier than fluorine form weaker bonds. Boiling points also vary: HF has the highest boiling point among HX (about 19.5 °C) owing to strong hydrogen bonding, while HCl, HBr, and HI boil at much lower temperatures and are gases at room temperature. All hydrogen halides react with water to give hydrohalic acids that are highly corrosive; HF is particularly hazardous because it can penetrate tissue and cause severe health effects.

Applications and production are diverse. HX compounds are used as reagents in organic synthesis, etching fluids, and industrial processes. HF is widely used for glass etching and in the petrochemical industry, while HCl is central to chlor-alkali processes and numerous synthesis routes. HBr and HI serve as reagents and, in some cases, as solvents or reducing agents in specialized chemical syntheses.

Safety considerations are paramount. All halogenowodory are corrosive and irritants; HF requires especially stringent handling due to its toxic and caustic nature and potential to cause deep tissue damage. Appropriate engineering controls, personal protective equipment, and protocols are essential in their use and storage.