gymnastique

Gymnastique, or gymnastics in English, is a sport and discipline of physical exercise that develops strength, flexibility, balance, and body control. It encompasses routines and performances performed on floors, apparatus, or in the air, with emphasis on smooth, precise movements and artistry.

Its modern form began in 18th–19th century Europe, notably in Germany with Turnverein movements led by Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, and in France and other countries. The sport is governed internationally by the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG), founded in 1881. Gymnastics has been part of the modern Olympic program since the early 20th century, with separate events for men and women evolving over time.

The main competitive branches are artistic gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, trampoline, and, in some contexts, acrobatic and aerobic gymnastics. Artistic gymnastics features events such as floor exercise, vault, and apparatus for men (pommel horse, rings, parallel bars, horizontal bar) and for women (vault, uneven bars, balance beam, floor). Rhythmic gymnastics combines routines with hand-held apparatus (rope, hoop, ball, clubs, ribbon).

Competition relies on scoring that assesses difficulty and execution; scores are published after judges review performances. Training emphasizes conditioning, technique, and progression to reduce injury risk. Gymnastics is practiced in clubs and schools worldwide and remains a core discipline in major events such as the Olympic Games and World Championships.