grafenes
Grafenes refer to graphene-based carbon materials that exist as two-dimensional sheets about one atom thick, with graphene as the core. The term also covers related derivatives such as graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and few- or multi-layer graphene, which share a common hexagonal carbon lattice.
Graphene, the core material, is a single layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice. It combines
Grafenes are produced by several methods. Mechanical exfoliation yields high-quality flakes but limited area. Chemical vapor
Applications span electronics, energy storage, and materials engineering. In electronics, grafenes show promise for high-frequency devices
History and challenges: Graphene was isolated in 2004 by Geim and Novoselov, earning the Nobel Prize in