glyptology

Glyptology is the study and classification of engraved gems. It encompasses the examination of ancient and historical carved stones, particularly those used for seals, jewelry, or ornamentation. Glyptologists analyze the materials used, such as semi-precious stones like agate, carnelian, and jasper, as well as more precious gems like emeralds and sapphires. They also study the techniques of engraving, the style of carving, and the iconography or imagery depicted.

The field often intersects with archaeology, art history, and classical studies, as engraved gems can provide valuable insights into the culture, beliefs, and artistic practices of past civilizations. Many engraved gems served practical purposes, acting as signatures or symbols of authority, while others were purely decorative or held symbolic meaning. Glyptology aims to understand the origin, date, and purpose of these artifacts, often cataloging them by material, style, subject matter, and inscription. The interpretation of inscriptions, which may be in various ancient languages, is a crucial aspect of glyptological research.