glyceringlycerol

Glycerol, also known as glycerin (IUPAC: propane-1,2,3-triol), is a simple polyol with three hydroxyl groups. The name glyceringlycerol is rare in modern usage. It is a colorless, odorless, viscous liquid that is highly hygroscopic and miscible with water and many organic solvents. It has a sweet taste and is non-volatile under ordinary conditions.

Chemically, glycerol has the formula C3H8O3. Its three hydroxyl groups give it high solubility and reactivity, enabling it to serve as a backbone for triglycerides and phospholipids. Industrially, glycerol is produced mainly as a byproduct of biodiesel production and soap making, and can also be produced by fermentation.

Uses include functioning as a humectant, solvent, and sweetener (food grade glycerol, designated E422), as well as a plasticizer and lubricant in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products. It can also be dehydrated to acrolein or converted to derivatives such as diglycerol.

Biologically, glycerol is absorbed and phosphorylated to glycerol-3-phosphate by glycerol kinase, feeding into glycolysis or gluconeogenesis after further metabolism. It is of low acute toxicity; high doses may cause laxative effects. Environmentally, glycerol is readily biodegradable and considered to have a relatively favorable environmental profile.