glaukoma

Glaukoma is a group of eye disorders characterized by progressive optic neuropathy and potential irreversible vision loss. It is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure, but can occur with normal pressure.

The main forms are open-angle glaucoma, angle-closure glaucoma (acute or chronic), normal tension glaucoma, and secondary glaucomas. Congenital glaucoma occurs in children.

Pathophysiology involves death of retinal ganglion cells and cupping of the optic disc, leading to visual field loss. Risk factors include age, family history, elevated IOP, African descent, thin corneas, and steroid use.

Most open-angle glaucomas are asymptomatic early; peripheral vision narrows gradually. Acute angle-closure glaucoma causes sudden eye pain, red eye, headache, halos, nausea, and blurred vision—an emergency.

Diagnosis combines tonometry to measure IOP, examination of the optic nerve, visual field testing, and imaging such as OCT. Gonioscopy assesses the drainage angle to classify glaucoma.

Treatment aims to lower IOP and protect vision, using eye drops (prostaglandin analogs, beta-blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors), laser therapy (trabeculoplasty, iridotomy), or surgical options (trabeculectomy, tube shunts, MIGS).

Glaukoma is a chronic condition requiring lifelong management and regular follow-up. Early detection through routine eye exams reduces the risk of vision loss.