gingivales

Gingivales is a term sometimes used to refer to the gingivae, the soft tissue gums that surround and protect the teeth. In humans, the gingivae consist of the marginal or free gingiva that edges the teeth, the attached gingiva that is bound to the underlying bone, and the interdental papilla that fills the spaces between teeth. The gingival sulcus, a shallow groove between the tooth and the gingiva, is normally 1 to 3 millimeters deep in health. The gingival epithelium is stratified squamous and often keratinized, while the underlying connective tissue contains collagen and a rich blood supply.

Function and health

The gingivae form a seal around teeth, helping to protect the underlying periodontal tissues from microbial invasion. They contribute to the stability of the dentition and play a role in immune defense. Health is typically indicated by pink, firm, and nonbleeding gingiva. Changes in color, contour, or bleeding on probing can signal periodontal problems.

Common conditions

Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gingiva caused by dental plaque and is reversible with improved oral hygiene. If gingivitis progresses, it can lead to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the supporting tissues of the teeth and can result in bone loss and tooth mobility. Other gingival issues include recession, hypertrophy, and lesions associated with systemic conditions or medications.

Prevention and treatment

Prevention focuses on daily plaque control, professional cleanings, and routine dental visits. Treatments range from improved hygiene and scaling and root planing for early disease to surgical procedures or regenerative approaches for advanced cases. Maintaining systemic health, such as controlling diabetes and avoiding tobacco, also supports gingival health.