geogenic

Geogenic is an adjective used in geology and related sciences to describe processes, materials, or conditions that originate from the Earth’s crust through geological processes, rather than from biological activity (biogenic) or human action (anthropogenic). The term derives from geo- 'earth' and -genic 'produced by'. Geogenic phenomena include the weathering and dissolution of minerals, sediment transport and deposition, and the formation of mineral deposits that influence soils, groundwater, and landscape formation.

In environmental science, geogenic sources are distinguished from anthropogenic or biogenic sources. Geogenic contaminants, such as arsenic, fluoride, manganese, or radon, originate from minerals and rocks rather than from industrial pollution or biological processes. Radon gas, for example, is produced by radioactive decay of uranium in rocks and can accumulate in buildings. Geogenic dust refers to airborne particles derived from soil and crustal material.

The term is also used in energy and geology to describe resources or processes tied to geological formation, such as geogenic methane formed by deep-earth processes, and more generally to geologic settings that influence groundwater chemistry, land stability, and mineral resources.

Understanding geogenic factors is essential for hydrogeology, soil science, environmental risk assessment, and land-use planning, since they can control baseline chemistry, natural hazards, and the distribution of minerals.