gemmologii
Gemmology is the science and practice concerned with natural and synthetic gemstones. It overlaps mineralogy, jewelry making, and trade, focusing on identification, characterization, and valuation of gems used in adornment. Practitioners determine what a stone is, how it formed, whether it has been treated, and where it comes from, to inform trade, insurance, and conservation.
Core activities include identifying a gem's species and variety, assessing quality and authenticity, and detecting enhancements.
Education and credentialing are provided by specialty institutes and universities. The Gemological Institute of America (GIA)
Gemology also addresses challenges such as distinguishing natural stones from synthetics (lab-grown diamonds, HPHT or CVD)