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Gaslighting is a form of psychological manipulation in which a person seeks to sow doubt in another’s perceptions, memory, or sanity, making the target question their own reality. The term comes from the 1938 play Gas Light and its film adaptations, in which a husband manipulates his wife to make her doubt herself. Gaslighting can occur in intimate relationships, family dynamics, workplaces, and public life, and it is not limited to one relationship type.

Common tactics include persistent denial of facts, contradictions, misdirection, trivializing the other’s thoughts and feelings, blaming the victim, withholding information, and presenting false memories as truth. A gaslighter may also demand loyalty while isolating the victim from others who could offer support.

Effects include confusion, anxiety, decreased self-esteem, sleep disturbances, and a reliance on the gaslighter for a sense of reality. Over time, victims may doubt their memory and judgment, becoming emotionally dependent or withdrawn.

Recognizing abuse: signs include receiving inconsistent or shifting explanations, constant second-guessing, trying to prove one’s memory, and feeling condemned for expressing concerns. Responding safely may involve documenting incidents, seeking support from trusted friends or professionals, setting firm boundaries, and, in some cases, reducing or ending contact. In workplaces or institutions, reporting mechanisms and professional guidance can help.

Not a mental illness in itself, gaslighting is a behavior pattern that harms others. Awareness and education about warning signs are key to prevention and seeking help. If you or someone you know is in immediate danger, contact local authorities or hotlines.