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Gamma-ray astronomy is a branch of astronomy that focuses on the study of celestial objects and phenomena through the detection of gamma rays, which are the most energetic form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma rays have wavelengths shorter than those of X-rays and are typically produced by the most energetic processes in the universe, such as supernova explosions, the decay of radioactive elements, and the interactions of cosmic rays with interstellar matter.

Gamma-ray astronomy is challenging due to the high energy of gamma rays, which makes them difficult to detect and focus. Ground-based gamma-ray telescopes, such as the High Energy Stereoscopic System (HESS), use the Earth's atmosphere as a detector, observing the faint flashes of light produced when gamma rays interact with atmospheric particles. Space-based gamma-ray telescopes, like the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, orbit the Earth and directly detect gamma rays.

Gamma-ray astronomy has led to significant discoveries, including the detection of gamma-ray bursts, which are intense flashes of gamma rays lasting from a few milliseconds to several minutes. These bursts are believed to be associated with the collapse of massive stars or the merger of neutron stars. Gamma-ray astronomy has also provided insights into the nature of pulsars, which are rapidly rotating neutron stars that emit beams of radiation.

In addition to studying individual celestial objects, gamma-ray astronomy also contributes to our understanding of the universe as a whole. By mapping the distribution of gamma-ray sources, astronomers can study the large-scale structure of the universe and the processes that shape it. Gamma-ray astronomy is a vital tool for exploring the most energetic and extreme phenomena in the cosmos.