galvanoplastia

Galvanoplastia, also known as galvanoplasty or electrotyping, is a metallurgical process that uses electrodeposition to form a metal object and, in particular, to create faithful metal reproductions of existing surfaces. The technique is part of electroforming and electroplating and is used to produce durable metal copies of sculptures, medals, and printing plates, among other items.

The process begins with creating a model or mold of the object to be copied, typically made of wax, plaster, or another removable material. The model is then coated with a conductive layer, such as graphite or copper, so that it can carry an electric current. The prepared model is placed in an electrolytic bath containing metal ions (for example copper, nickel, or silver) and connected as the cathode. When current passes through the solution, metal ions deposit onto the surface of the model, gradually building a solid metal shell that reproduces the exterior details of the original. The thickness is controlled to achieve the desired strength and fidelity. After deposition, the metal copy is separated from the original, cleaned, and finished by polishing or patination.

Historically developed in the 19th century, galvanoplastia provided a means to produce durable reproductions for engraving, sculpture, and printing. It was widely used to create electrotype printing plates, medals, and hollow metal copies of artworks. Today, the technique has influenced related methods in metal finishing and reproduction and remains of interest in museums, conservation, and specialized fabrication contexts.

Limitations include the need for a suitable conductive surface, the potential for reproducing surface imperfections, and the requirement for careful control of the electrochemical process. It can be time-consuming and involves chemical baths that require proper safety measures.