gallgångsproblem

Gallgångsproblem is a Swedish term that refers to disorders affecting the bile ducts, including the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary tree. The problems can involve obstruction, inflammation, infection, scarring (strictures) or tumors, and may occur alone or as part of broader liver or pancreatic diseases. Common examples include choledocholithiasis (stones in the common bile duct), biliary strictures (narrowings), cholangitis (infection of the bile ducts), cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer), and congenital conditions such as biliary atresia.

Symptoms vary with the underlying cause but often include jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, itching, and right-upper-quadrant abdominal pain. Fever and general malaise can accompany infections such as cholangitis. Laboratory tests frequently show a cholestatic pattern with elevated bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. Imaging is central to diagnosis; ultrasound is commonly used first, followed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to visualize the biliary tree. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) serves both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. In some cases, computed tomography (CT) or liver biopsy may be used.

Treatment depends on the specific cause. Stones and strictures may be managed with ERCP-guided procedures, including stone removal or stent placement. Infections require prompt antibiotics and drainage. Malignant disease may require surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or palliative stenting. Chronic conditions such as primary sclerosing cholangitis require ongoing monitoring and, in advanced cases, consideration of liver transplantation. Prognosis varies with the underlying etiology and response to treatment.