føderalt

**føderalt** refers to a political and administrative system in which power is divided between a central government and regional governments, known as states, provinces, or cantons. The term originates from the Latin word *foedus*, meaning "league" or "treaty," reflecting the idea of a voluntary union between sovereign entities. This system contrasts with unitary states, where power is concentrated in a single central government.

In a federal system, authority is constitutionally divided, with each level of government responsible for specific functions. For example, federal governments typically handle national defense, foreign policy, and currency, while regional governments manage local services like education, healthcare, and infrastructure. This division allows for flexibility and decentralization, accommodating diverse regional interests while maintaining national unity.

Examples of federal states include the United States, Germany, Canada, and India. These countries operate under constitutions that explicitly define the powers of federal and regional governments, often with mechanisms for resolving disputes between them. Federalism can also vary in its degree of decentralization—some systems grant states significant autonomy, while others maintain tighter central control.

Critics of federalism argue that it can lead to inefficiencies, duplication of services, or conflicts between levels of government. Supporters, however, highlight its ability to balance local needs with national cohesion, fostering political participation and regional identity. The concept remains a key framework in comparative politics, influencing governance models worldwide.