földbirtok

Földbirtok is the Hungarian term for land ownership or landed property. It denotes the legal right to possess, use, dispose of, and derive income from a specific parcel of land. The term is used in legal, historical, and economic contexts and is tied to property rights within the Hungarian civil law system. The etymology comes from föld meaning land and birtok meaning possession or estate.

Historically, földbirtok referred to large estates owned by the noble class and the church, with peasants working the land under tenancy or serfdom. As Hungary modernized, agrarian structures changed: after World War II, broad land reform redistributed land to smallholders; during the socialist era, much land was reorganized into state farms and cooperatives. Since the fall of communism, privatization and restitution have reestablished private landownership for many holders, though land reform policies and regulatory frameworks continue to shape ownership patterns.

In contemporary Hungary, földbirtok concerns the ownership of agricultural land as well as other types of land. Ownership can be private, corporate, or public, and is recorded in the land registry. The rights associated with földbirtok include the use and management of the land, transfer by sale or gift, mortgage or encumbrances, and inheritance. The legal framework governs acquisition, transfer, use restrictions, taxation, and, in some cases, regulations related to foreign ownership of agricultural land.