fysiology

Physiology is the scientific study of how organisms function, from molecular mechanisms to whole-organism processes. It seeks to explain how cells, tissues, organs, and systems coordinate to support life. It contrasts with anatomy, which describes structure, by focusing on function, regulation, and the mechanisms that sustain biological activity.

The field covers multiple levels and subfields, including cellular physiology, neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology, respiratory physiology, renal and gastrointestinal physiology, endocrinology, muscle physiology, and exercise physiology, as well as comparative physiology that compares species. It integrates knowledge across organisms, from single cells to complex systems.

Core concepts include homeostasis, feedback regulation, signaling pathways, transport and metabolism, and integration across organ systems. Organ systems interact dynamically, with neurons, hormones, and mechanical stimuli guiding physiological responses. Common themes include ion gradients, membrane potentials, energy production, and the coordination of physiological states in health and disease.

Methods range from electrophysiology and imaging to molecular biology, pharmacology, and computational modeling. Knowledge of physiology is foundational to medicine, enabling understanding of disease mechanisms, drug actions, and rehabilitation. The field has a long history—from early studies of circulation and respiration to modern systems biology and integrative physiology—reflecting the ongoing effort to explain how living systems sustain life.