fysika

Fysika is the natural science that studies matter, energy, space, and time and the interactions between them. It seeks to formulate universal laws that describe how physical systems behave, using observation, experiment, and mathematical modelling. The term is used in various languages to denote the discipline commonly known in English as physics; in Estonian the common term is füüsika, while transliterations such as Fysika appear in some contexts.

Historically, Fysika evolved from ancient natural philosophy to a systematic science. Early thinkers investigated motion, change, and natural causes. The scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries, with figures such as Galileo and Newton, established mechanics and gravitation. The 19th century added thermodynamics and electromagnetism, unifying phenomena under general principles. The 20th century introduced relativity and quantum mechanics, revealing a probabilistic and relativistic nature of reality and leading to quantum field theory.

Core ideas of Fysika include classical mechanics, electromagnetism, thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, quantum mechanics, and relativity. These form a broad framework, complemented by specialized fields such as optics, acoustics, condensed matter physics, particle physics, astrophysics, and nuclear physics.

Methods combine precise experimentation, careful measurement, mathematical reasoning, and increasingly computational simulation. Applications span technology, engineering, medicine, energy, materials science, and information processing, shaping modern industry and daily life.

See also: Physics, Scientific method, List of physical theories.