fundamentalist

Fundamentalist is a term used to describe adherents of movements that seek to preserve core theological beliefs against modernization and liberal theology. In Christian contexts, fundamentalism emerged in the United States in the early 20th century, arising from the defense of traditional doctrines in response to critical biblical scholarship and scientific developments. The term originated from The Fundamentals, a series of pamphlets published between 1910 and 1915 that articulated five core doctrines: the inerrancy of Scripture, the virgin birth and deity of Jesus, the atonement by Christ’s death, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, and the historicity of biblical miracles. This set of beliefs gave rise to what scholars call Christian fundamentalism, later evolving into a network of institutions, churches, and colleges.

Fundamentalism is not confined to Protestantism; similar movements exist in Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, and other faiths, where a return to perceived foundational texts and practices is emphasized. Common features across contexts include strict adherence to sacred texts, literal interpretation of scriptures, resistance to secular or liberal reforms, and a strong emphasis on moral or social codes. Political activism among some fundamentalist groups has included attempts to shape education, law, and public policy.

Criticism centers on the charge of dogmatism, intolerance of pluralism, and the potential for conflict with scientific or secular institutions. Some commentators distinguish fundamentalism from related phenomena such as evangelicalism or conservatism, noting variations in strategy and scope.