frbrManifestation

frbrManifestation is a term derived from the Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR) conceptual model, which structures bibliographic information into four entities: Work, Expression, Manifestation, and Item. A manifestation represents the physical or digital embodiment of an expression of a work. It describes the specific format, publisher, edition, and other publication details that make the expression available to users.

In FRBR terminology, a manifestation is distinct from an item, which is a single exemplar of a manifestation (for example, a particular copy of a book on a library shelf). A manifestation can exist in various forms, such as a printed book, an e‑book, a microfilm, or an audio recording, each characterized by attributes like ISBN, ISSN, publication date, language, and medium. The model allows multiple manifestations to be associated with a single expression, reflecting different editions, revisions, or distribution channels.

The concept of frbrManifestation is used in library cataloging, metadata standards (such as MARC, Dublin Core, and BIBFRAME), and information retrieval systems to facilitate precise navigation between abstract works and their concrete realizations. By distinguishing manifestations, libraries can provide users with detailed information about available formats and editions, supporting tasks like collection development, interlibrary loan, and digital preservation.

Related entities include frbrWork (the underlying intellectual or artistic creation), frbrExpression (the realization of the work in a particular language or form), and frbrItem (the individual physical or digital copy). Understanding frbrManifestation helps implement interoperable bibliographic services and improves the organization of cultural heritage resources.