fotovoltaikkan

Fotovoltaikkan, also known as photovoltaics, is the direct conversion of light into electricity using semiconducting materials that exhibit the photovoltaic effect. This effect occurs when photons, or particles of light, knock electrons free from atoms in the semiconductor material, generating an electric current. The most commonly used material for photovoltaic cells is silicon, which is abundant and non-toxic.

Photovoltaic systems can be categorized into two main types: crystalline silicon (c-Si) and thin-film. Crystalline silicon cells are the most efficient and widely used, with efficiencies ranging from 15% to 22%. Thin-film cells, on the other hand, are less efficient but offer advantages in terms of flexibility and lower material costs. They are typically made from materials like cadmium telluride (CdTe), copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS), or amorphous silicon (a-Si).

Photovoltaic systems can be used in a variety of applications, from small-scale solar panels on rooftops to large-scale solar farms. They are particularly useful in remote areas where access to the electrical grid is limited. Additionally, photovoltaic technology is increasingly being integrated into building materials and products, such as solar windows and solar-powered clothing.

Despite its advantages, photovoltaics also faces challenges, including high initial costs, intermittency due to weather conditions, and the environmental impact of manufacturing and disposal. Ongoing research aims to address these issues by improving efficiency, reducing costs, and developing more sustainable materials.