foszforil

Foszforil (commonly rendered in English as phosphoryl) refers to a phosphorus-containing functional moiety and to the process of transferring that moiety in chemical and biochemical contexts. Chemically, a phosphoryl group is characterized by a phosphorus atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom (P=O) and bonded to additional oxygen or other substituents; it appears in phosphate esters, anhydrides and various organophosphorus compounds. Industrial reagents such as phosphoryl chloride (POCl3) are named for containing this motif.

In biochemistry, phosphorylation denotes the enzymatic attachment of a phosphoryl group to a substrate, usually transferred from adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Protein kinases catalyze phosphorylation of amino acid side chains, altering protein activity, localization or interactions; phosphatases reverse the modification by removing the phosphoryl group. Phosphoryl transfer reactions are central to cellular energy management, signal transduction and metabolic regulation.

Mechanistically, phosphoryl transfer can proceed through associative or dissociative pathways, and the P=O bond and surrounding resonance-stabilized structures influence reactivity. The term is also used in nomenclature and spectroscopic descriptions to indicate oxidation state and bonding environment of phosphorus in both organic and inorganic compounds.

As a concept, foszforil/phosphoryl bridges chemistry and biology, describing a specific chemical function and a ubiquitous regulatory mechanism in living systems.