fosforn

Fosforn is the Norwegian name for phosphorus, a chemical element with the symbol P and atomic number 15. It is a nonmetal that occurs in several allotropes, including white (often called yellow) phosphorus, red phosphorus, and black phosphorus. White phosphorus is highly reactive and toxic, while red and black phosphorus are more stable. Phosphorus is essential for life and forms the basis of key biological molecules.

Occurrence and production

Phosphorus does not occur freely in nature in usable forms because it is highly reactive. It is abundant in minerals such as apatite, from which most phosphorus is mined for fertilizer production. Industrial production of white phosphorus involves the carbothermic reduction of phosphate rock with silica and carbon in electric furnaces, yielding phosphorus vapor that is condensed under water to form white phosphorus. The process also produces calcium silicate slags and carbon monoxide. Phosphorus is subsequently used to produce phosphoric acid and various phosphorus compounds for fertilizers and chemicals.

Allotropes and properties

White phosphorus is a waxy, translucent solid that glows faintly in the dark and ignites spontaneously in air. It is poisonous and must be stored under water. Red phosphorus is produced by heating white phosphorus in the absence of air and is more stable and less reactive. Black phosphorus is another, more stable allotrope with layered structure. Common chemical behavior includes the formation of phosphates (PO4) and various organophosphorus compounds.

Biological role and safety

Phosphorus is essential for living organisms, forming part of DNA, RNA, ATP, and cell membranes. In nature and industry, it is mainly encountered as phosphate. Handling white phosphorus requires strict safety measures due to its toxicity and flammability; it is often kept submerged to prevent contact with air.

History and name

Phosphorus was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand during attempts to isolate an element from urine. The name phosphorus derives from Greek to mean light-bearer, reflecting the glow of white phosphorus.